Scientists intensify electrolysis, utilize carbon dioxide more efficiently with magnets

For decades, researchers have been working toward mitigating excess atmospheric carbon dioxide  emissions. One promising approach captures atmospheric carbon dioxide and then, through carbon dioxide electrolysis, converts it into value-added chemicals and intermediates—such as ethanol, ethylene, and other useful chemicals. While significant research has been devoted to improving the rate and selectivity of carbon dioxide electrolysis, reducing the energy consumption of this high-power process has been underexplored.

In ACS Energy Letters, researchers from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign report a new opportunity to use magnetism to reduce the energy required for carbon dioxide electrolysis by up to 60 percent in a flow electrolyzer.

In a typical carbon dioxide flow electrolyzer, electricity is supplied to drive the reactions at the cathode (where carbon dioxide is reduced into useful byproducts) and the anode (where water is oxidized, producing oxygen).

Most studies have focused on making the reduction reaction at the cathode more efficient at higher rates; however, this process requires little energy compared to the oxidation reaction on the anode--which often accounts for more than 80 percent of the energy required for carbon dioxide electrolysis, and therefore, offers the most room for improvement.

"The answer was staring us right in the face--of course, the trick is to reduce the energy consumption at the anode," said first-author Saket S. Bhargava, a graduate student in chemical and biomolecular engineering at Illinois. "We decided that if oxygen evolution is the problem, why not use a magnetic field at the oxygen evolving electrode and see what happens to the entire system."

They used a magnetic field at the anode to achieve energy savings ranging from 7 percent to 64 percent by enhancing mass transport to/from the electrode. They also swapped the traditional iridium catalyst--a precious metal--with a nickel-iron catalyst comprised of abundant elements.

"Our ultimate goal is to transform carbon dioxide back into carbon-based chemicals," said lead author Paul Kenis, a chemical and biomolecular engineering professor and department head at Illinois. "With this study, we have demonstrated how further to reduce the significant energy requirements for carbon dioxide electrolysis, hopefully making this process more viable for adoption by industry."

The Link Foundation, 3M, and Shell supported this research through student fellowships. Co-authors also include University of Illinois students Daniel Azmoodeh, Xinyi Chen, Emiliana R. Cofell, Anne Marie Esposito, Sumit Verma, and Andrew A. Gewirth, professor of chemistry.